Powers of Municipalities (Twelfth Schedule)
Linked to Article 243W
Official Scope
"Lists 18 subjects over which urban local governments (Municipalities) have authority."
Detailed Analysis
Includes Urban Planning, Regulation of Land-use, Roads and Bridges, Water Supply, Public Health, Fire Services, Urban Forestry, Slum Improvement, and Urban Poverty Alleviation.
Historical Evolution
Added by the 74th Amendment (1992) to provide a constitutional framework for city governance as India urbanized rapidly.
Constitutional Impact
It ensures that city governments have a constitutional right to exist and govern their own urban affairs.
Simply Explained
The city version of the 11th Schedule. It lists **'18 Subjects'** that city Municipalities control, like fire services and city planning.